Circulatory and Respiratory System Questions

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Critical Thinking Questions

6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?

The fetus would not be in danger because its blood cells are not going to be attacked by anti-Rh(+) antibodies. This is because the baby has Rh(-) blood cells which are safe from anti-Rh(+) antibodies.

Review Exercises

3) Describe a reb blood cell.

They are bioconcave disks, due to the fact they get rid of their nuclei as they mature. This increases the space which gases can use to diffuse into the cell. It also brings toe gases closer to the hemoglobin in blood.

6) Desribe the life cycle of a red blood cell.

At first, a stem cell in the bone marrow becomes a Proerythroblast. This new cell then becomes a erythroblast. Next, the erythroblast turns into a Normoblast. After that, it becomes a reticulocyte. Finally, the reticulocyte becomes a erythrocyte after it enters the blood stream. The blood cell then carries out its functions for about 2-4 months then dies from wearing out and becoming less active.

10) List two sources of iron that can be used for synthesis of hemoglobin.

Some of the iron that comes from the decomposition of hemoglobin can be reused, but we must obtain a certain amount each day due to the small loss in the cells. This can come from cereal or pills that contain iron.

14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.

Platelets are not complete cells. They come from very large cells called megakaryocytes that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm (platelets) into the circulation. Platelets help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. they release serotonin, which contracts smooth muscles in the vessel walls, reducing blood flow.

18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein.

Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol as to high-density lipoproteins which have less cholesterol and a high concentration of proteins.

27) List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot.

Breaks in a blood vessel can trigger clotting mechanism. This makes it so eventually fibrinogin converts to fibrin and a blood clot occurs.

38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.

People with AB type blood have neither anti-A of anti-B antigens and can receive any type of blood in a transfusion.

39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.

People with O-type blood are called universal donors because they lack A and B antigens.

Basic Respiratory Anatomy Worksheet

1. What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system?

The mouth and nose.

2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?

To the pharynx and then into the trachea.

3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave

out?

The esophagus and the epiglottis

4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?

It is distal in reference to the esophagus.

5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System?

Your nose and mouth

6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?

The alveoli.

7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

In the alveoli

8. What is the main muscle of respiration?

The diaphragm

9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale?

The diaphragm contracts and when we exhale the diaphragm rests

10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures:

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolis and lungs.

The Heart Worksheet

1. All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?

All vetebrates have a closed circulatory system.

2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?

Water and eletrcolyte transport, fluid volume control, and reuglation of pH and of body temperature.

3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.

Transport dissolved nutrients throughotu the body, carries hormones, transports gases like oxygen to and from cells, maintain homeostasis, and produces and carries antibodies.

4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

Ateries

5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?

Veins

6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?

Pericardium

7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called?

The myocardium

8. What is the lining of the myocardium called?

The endocardium

9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?

The upper cavities are the atria and teh lower cavities are called ventricles.

10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?

The superior vena cavae and the inferior vena cavae carries blood to the right atrium. The pulmonary vein carries blood to the left atrium.

11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?

The aorta carries blood away from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery carries blood away from the right ventricle

Senses Graphic Organizer

1. When you smell what you eat, it adds to the taste. (smell is half the taste)
   


2. If you smell somethign bad, you wont touch it (or you shouldn't)
   


3. If you feel something, then you will hear the sound that the object makes on your hand and you will remember what it sounds like.
   


4. If you see something that looks nasty, you probably wont want to taste it.
   


5. If someone calls your name, you will look to see who it is.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

Project: Article Assignment

The article, although very ineresting, is very controversial. The scientist that was mentioned is a local one at that. He works at UGA and is a zealous researcher of stem cells. He has veen claimed that he has found out how to make millions of nerve (neural) cells out of a few stem cells, which is a leap for the world of science. Now he has discovered a possible method of detecting harmful chemical substances in the surrounding area. It works by setting the cells into a mechanism of electrodes. These electrodes record electrical changes to show the presence of a foreign substance (e.g. mustard gas or tear gas).

Even though this method has been found, it has yet to be made into a fool-proof product. I think that as long as teh cells being used are not from aborted fetuses, than there should not be a problem. As said in the article, he uses "naturally dead embryos". These embryos are ones that couldnt produce a fetus even if put inside a womb. Morally, this method is acceptable in my own opinion. I am also very surprised at the fact that science has made a huge jump into the future with this discovery. Maybe one day, stem cells could be made into common and accepted medical products.

Basic Eye Anatomy Worksheet

1. The eye is part of which nervous system?



It is part of the CNS.


2. What types of tissues give the eye protection?


Connective and fatty tissues protect the eye

3. What structure in the eye produces tears?



The lacriminal glands produce tears.



4. What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?


The conjuctiva is the antibacterial layer of the eye

5. What is the cornea?


A clear membrane that allows light to pass through it

6. What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?

The retina contains the rods and cones

7. What is the function of the rods? The cones?


The rods deal with night vision and the cones deal with color and daylight vision

8. What is the colored part of the eye?

The Iris

9. What structure allows light to enter the eye?

The pupil

10. Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina

1. Eyelash

2. Iris

3. Lacriminal Glands

4. Sclera

5. Choroid

6. Optical Nerve

7. Retina

8. Eyelid

9. Cornea

10. Pupil

11. Lens

Basic Ear Anatomy Worksheet

1. Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:






















2. What is the function of the following:

• Pinna- conveys sound waves to the inside of the ear



• tympanic membrane- composed of the pinna and teh auditory canal. vibrates with sound waves.
  
  
• ossicles- magnify sound vibrations



• cochlea- is a hair-lined fluid-filled cavity that conveys signals to the brain which produces the sense called sound



• semicircular canals- controls balance

3. What three bones make up the ossicles?

The malleus, the stapes, and the incus.

4. What is the function of hairs in the ear?

The hairs in the ear act as stimuli to send signals to the brain so you can hear.

Basic Nervous System Anatomy Worksheet

1. What does CNS and PNS stand for?

CNS stands for Central Nervous System and PNS stands for Peripheral Nervous System.

2. What are the parts of the CNS?

The brain and the spinal cord.

3. Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.

The PNS controls stuff like digestion and heartbeat.

4. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?


Sympathetic- controls the body in times of stress, fear, worry, and emergency.

Parasympathetic- brings the body to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.


5. What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?

Sensory neuron- conducts signals of pain and any other of the five senses.



Motor neuron- controls motor functions e.g. moving.



Interneuron- transmits signals to motor neurons.

6. What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?

The axon is the nerve structure that sends signals and the dendrites receive signals

7. What is a synapse?

A synapse is the jumping or sparking of a neural impulse from one neuron to another.

8. Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.

Skeletal System Graphic Organizer

1. Provides attachment for muscles

2. Produces blood cells for circulatory system

3. Gets rid of excess calcium bones dont use

4. Is signaled by endocrine system to grow at certain times.

5. Nerves travel around/through bone so you know when it is broken.

6. Lungs provide oxygen for blood cells produced by bones.

7. Calcium and other nutrients received from digestive system.

8. Skin protects bones. Bones give form to skin in a way.

9. Lymphatic system produces white blood cells to protect bones against disease.

10. Bones are different between male and female to support different reproductive organs and functions

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet

1. What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle?

40% of the body is striated muscle and 5-10% is smooth muscle

2. Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?

• Stroma Protein- its function is to hold the other structures in place.



• Cellular Protein- there isnt much of a specialized function since this protein is also found in other metabolically active cells.



• Contractile Protein- composed of two different proteins, myosin and actin. Its function is to make the contraction of muscles possible

3. What is a myofibril?

It is each independent, cylindrical element in a muscle.

4. Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.

5. Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.

Thick and thin filaments.

6. Draw a sarcomere at rest, contracted, and stretched .





























7. What is the sliding filament theory?

As the muscle becomes shorter due to increased contraction, the thick and thin filaments slide past each other, but the lengths of the individual thick and thin filaments do not change.

8. Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?

Calcium ions.

Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint?

Because the bones are joined together with strong fibrous tissue.

2.What is an example of a fibrous joint?

An example of a fibrous joint are the joints between the bones that make up the skull.

3. Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.

Very little movement occurs at these joints because they are joined by intervening fibrocartilage. An example of this is anywhere between the vertebrae of the vertebral column

4. What type of joint essentially allows free movement?

A synovial joint

5. What lubricates a joint cavity?

Synovial fluids

6. For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.

• Plane joint- is a slightly curved articular joint which permits gliding or slipping in any direction. An example is the joints in your hands.



• Hinge joint- A joint in which one surface is shaped like a cylinder and the other is shaped like a concave groove. It allows movement around that single axis. An example is the joint in your elbow.



• Condylar joint- It has two articular surfaces. Its movement is similar to a hinge joint but it allows a couple more movements as well. an example is your knee joint



• Ball and Socket joint- Consists of a ball shaped end of a bone which fits into a cup-shaped joint socket on the other bone. Movement is possible in many directions such as a shoulder joint allows.



• Ellipsoidal joint- Is similar to a ball and socket joint except the joint socket is shaped more like an ellipse rather than a circle. An example of this is a wrist joint.



• Pivot joint- Has a bony peg which fits into a concave notch in such a way that one bone can pivot with respect to the other, such as the joint between the radius and the ulna.



• Saddle joint- resembles two western saddles. One is inverted and the other is turned at right angles to the first. Both articulating surfaces are concave in one direction and convew in the other. An example would be the joint that the thumb fits into.

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet

1. Describe the 4 functions of bones.

Supporting the body, protecting the internal organs, provides muscle attachment, and blood cell production.

2. How many bones are there in the human body?

206

3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division.

The axial skeleton which contains the:

• pelvis



• rib cage



• skull



• vertebral column



• and the sternum

and the appendicular skeleton which contains the:

• humerus



• radius



• ulna



• femur



• and patella

4. What bone makes up the upper arm?

The humerus

5. What bone makes up the face?

The skull

6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.

The rib cage and the sternum

7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side?

The radius

8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to?

The Scapula

9. What bone is also known as the shin bone?

The tibia

10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage

Beauty Video Questions

1.Do you think that the symmetry test conducted on the baby was flawed? How? Describe how you would design an experiment that could fool the baby and skew the results.

I think that it was flawed because the baby is what it is. most likely this test was flawed because babies go by what people look like and someone could remind them of someone else. i dont rly know how i would design an expiriment like that.

2.What is missing from this video about beauty?

They dont mention very much about qualities like personality. They also are biased and think that plastic surgery is the cure for ugliness. i believe that beauty shoul dnot be artificial.

3.How does this video make you feel about beauty?

People try too hard to be beatiful. Some become obsessed by it. People should be fine with the way they are.

4.What is it about the skin that makes it return to its place? What property is this?
What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Would you ever do it? What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? How long will it last?

It is the fact that your skin has certain DNA plans that it follows. if your skin is going to move, what is the sense in getting surgery done if your skin will just look like it does later on in life? Risks are that if there is a messs up, then your face is uglier than it was before the surgery. i would never do it simply because i am fine the way i am. i wouldnt risk anything for this stupid procedure. doesn't matter how long it would last, its not going to happen.

Integumentary Study Questions

Critical Thinking Questions

3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one ivolving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation?

I'd say that the reason is that once the burn reaches deeper tissues, it bruns out your nerves. Either that or there is so mmany signals going off that the feeling is nulled.

6. How would you explain to an ahtlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather?

Besides the fact that he should know it, water keeps the body from cramping up from dehydration.

8. How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective?

When skin peels, it is getting whatever is dead or harmful to the body away from the body. A fever could be protective b/c germs and other things can't survive past a certain temperature.(i guess)

Review Exercises

4. List six functions of skin.

Protective covering, retains water, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, contains immune system cells, synthesizes various chemicals, and excretes small quantities of waste.

5. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis.

Epidermis- outer layer of skin. composed of squamus epithelium.

Dermis- Inner layer of skin. thicker than epidermis. is made of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.

6. Describe the subcutaneous layer.

Subcutaneous layer- a layer of masses of loose connective and adipose tissues that bind the skin to underlying organs.

8. List the layers of the epidermis.

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale.

13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle.

Hair is the stuff you actually see. a hair follicle is the tubelike depression the hair shaft comes out of.

15. Describe how nails are formed.

Specialized epithelial cells that are continuous with the epithelium of th eskin produce the nail bed. The lunula at the base of a nail plate is where the cells divide, and newly formed cells keratinize which gives rise to tiny scales that become part of the nail plate.

16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands.

The function of sebaceous glands are to keep the hairs and the skin soft, pliable, and waterproof.

22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature.

Your brain decreases te flow of heat-carrying blood through the skin, which tends to lose color, and helps reduce heat loss by radiation, conduction and convection. Also, sweat glands become inactive. If that doesnt help, muscle in your body are triggered to contract slightly and rhythmically to produce heat.

25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color.

Genes inherited from parents can determine your skin color by how much melanin is produced by cells. Environmental factors such as sun/UV rays tan skin by stimulating the melanocytes to produce more pigments. Physiological factors such as blood in the dermal vessels adds color to the skin.

27. Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.

If a break is shallow, the epithelial cells are triggered to divide mor erapidly than usual and the new cells fill in the gaps. if the injury is as deep as the dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break, and teh escaping blood forms a clot in the wound. As the process goes on, eventually a scab is formed.

28. Describe possible treatments for a third-degree burn.

Skin grafts and skin substitutes are the best cures for third-degree burns.

29. List three effects of aging on skin.

Nails harden, receptors fail, and hair turns gray or white.

Cell Video Questions

The building blocks of life are cells.

All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans.

Two different types of cells are cells such as white blood cells and stem cells

Why are cells not the same?

They are specialized to perform different functions.


The first person to discover cells was Robert Hooke. He called them cells because they looked like the cells that monks live in. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope.


The cell theory was created by Schleiden and Schwann.

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organellescell walls and chloroplasts.


All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to support the cell and regulate what goes in and out of the cell.


The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is to control the actions of the cell. The mitochondria are also known as the powerhouses of the cell because their function is to produce energy for the cell to use. Storage is the main function of the vacuoles.


Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus. Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus.


There are different types of transport used in cells as well. diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires a difference in concentration at two different points in a solution and a permeable membrane between those points.


What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport requires energy to perform and passive trtansport doesnt require any energy.

What organelle makes the energy used in active transport?

The mitochondria

Is a virus a living cell?

This is not sure about a virus. Viruses do not belong to the kingdom of living things though. It is also one of the most debated subjects up to this day.

What is contained inside a virus?

A strand of DNA or RNA.

What is the only life function of a virus?

to infect a cell and reproduce from that cell.

Anatomy Text Questions

Chapter 2

Study Questions

1.Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology.
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the
study of the functions of the structures in the human body.

2.Give an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function
of body parts
Your ears are shaped how they are so that the sound waves that enter your ear get to the eardrum without interference.

3.List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ
Atoms form molecules which then form macromolecule and then become organelles which in turn becomes many specialized stomach cells which then form into stomach tissue and then group together to become the stomach.

4.Distinguish between a midsagittal cut, a transverse cut, and a frontal cut
A midsagittal cut is a cut along the sagittal plane around the pelvic area. A transverse cut divides the body into upper and lower halves. A frontal cut divides the body into dorsal and ventral sides.

6.Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name two smaller cavities that occur within each
The dorsal cavity is located on the back side of the body and the cranial cavity is within it. The ventral cavity in located on the front side of the body and the thoracic cavity occurs in it.

10.Define homeostasis, and explain its importance.
Homeostasis is what keeps your body at an equilibrium. An example is that if you become hot, you sweat so that you can cool off. It is important so that your body doesnt die out from harsh conditions such as heat, cold, etc.

Objective Questions

IV. Match organ systems in the key to the organs listed in questions 19-25

Key:

a. Digestive system
b. Urinary system
c. Respiratory system
d. Circulatory system
e. Reproductive system
f. Nervous system
g. Endocrine system


19.Thyroid gland-g
20.Lungs-c
21.Heart-d
22.Ovaries-e
23.Brain-f
24.Stomach-a
25.Kidneys-b

V. Fill in the blanks.

26.An organ is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function.

27.The imaginary plane that passes through th emidline of the body is called thetransverseplane.

28.All the organ systems of the body function together to maintain homeostasis, a relative constancy of the internal environment.

Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise

Consult Appendix B for helps in pronouncing, analyzing, and filling in the blanks to give a brief meaning to the terms that follow


3.Suprapubic means above the pubis.
5.Infraorbital means beneath the eye orbit.
6.Gastrectomy means excision of the stomach.
7.Celiotomy means incision of the abdomen.
9.Dorsalgia means pain in the back.
10.Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system.


Chapter 4

Study Questions

4.Describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum.
An endoplasmic reticulum is considered rough if ribosomes are present.
If they are not present then the endoplasmic reticulum is considered smooth
The ribosomes on rough ER function in protein synthesis. The smooth ER functions
in the detoxification of drugs, especially in the liver.

5.Describe the structure and the function of the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of six or more saccules. At the edges of the saccules are rounded vesicles and vacuoles.

6.Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
A mitochondrion has an outer membrane and a convoluted inner membrane and produces ATP. ATP is used to carry out almost all of the functions of cells.

8.Contrast passive transport with active transport of molecules across the plasma membrane.
Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration all involve the transport of molecules from an area of lower concentration to that of a higher concentration and none of these methods require some or no energy. Active transport involves using energy to gather substances inside or outside the cell in the area of higher concentration.

Objective Questions

I. Match the organelles in the key to the functions given in questions 1-5.
Key:

a. mitochondria
b. nucleus
c. Golgi apparatus
d. rough ER
e. centrioles

1. Packaging and secretion-Golgi apparatus
2. Cell division-centrioles
3. Powerhouses of the cell-mitochondria
4. Protein synthesis-rough ER
5. Control center for cell-nucleus


Chapter 5

Study Questions

1.What is a tissue?
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

3.Name the four major types of tissues.
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular are the four main types of tissues.

4.What are the functions of connective tissue? Name the different kinds of connective tissue, and give a location for each.
Connective tissue binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.
Loose-binds structures together.

Fibrous-has a matrix produced by fibroblasts that contain closely packed bundles of white collagenous fibers. located in tendons and ligaments.

Cartilage-located in small chambers called lacunae. made of a matrix that is solid yet flexible.

Bone- the most rigid of the connective tissues. Made of an extremely hard matrix of mineral salts, primarily calcium salts.

9.Name the different types of body membranes, and associate each type with a particular organ or organs

Mucous-line the interior walls of the organs and tubes that open to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive or respiratory systems

Serous-line cavities and cover internal organs like the heart

Synovial-line freely movable joint cavities and are composed of connective tissues.

Meninges- found within the dorsal cavity. They serve as protective covering for the brain and spinal cord.

Cutaneous-in other words, it is called skin.

Body Systems Graphic Organizer

Human Body Worksheet

1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy- The study of the structures that make up the human body.

Physiology- The study of the functions of the structures that make up the human body.

2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell.

Cell, tissue, organ, and system

3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?

The suffix -logy means "the study of".

4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?

Epithelial membrane

5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?

It is called an organ.

6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?

Nervous tissue

7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?

Epi- is a prefix that means "upon" and dermis is a root which means "skin".

8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?

It means "any hole or hollow area". This word is usually used for parts of the body such as the Thoracic cavity of like a cavity in a tooth.

9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.

Epithelial- covers the body
Connective- supports and protects teh strucure(s) of the body
Muscle- specialized for contraction/movement
Nerve- specialized for the conduction of neural impulses

10. A cell is made of cytoplasm except for the nucleus which is made of protoplasm.


11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones?

Fibrous tissue

12. What is an organ system?

An organ system is the most complex organization of cells before and organism. it is composed of many different functioning groups of specialized cells that work together.

13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.

Cutaneous- it is the skin and anywhere to protect the body
Mucous- lines all the passageways that lead to the exterior of body
Secous- lines closed cavities and organs inside the body
Fibrous- lines all joint cavities and covers outer surface of bones
Fascia:

• Superficial- thin and tough membrane that covers muscles and lies right beneath the dermis
• Deep- much denser than superficial. covers glands, blood vessels and nerves. lies right below superficial

14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?

Cell Membrane- regulates what enters and exits the cell. protects the cell and gives it a shape
Nucleus- controls all the actions of the cell

15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.

Epithelial- is made of many layers of cells which originate from a growth layer and move upwards from there. they die once they get too far from the growth layer.

Connective- (NovaNet did not have the asnwer to this question)

Reference Term Word Find

the link to my word find is here

Prefix Worksheet

how to read: prefix = word w/ prefix [definition] (sentence{comment})

adip = adipose [fat] (the food was adipose)
bio = biology [study of life] (i took biology last year)
capit = decapitate [removal of the head] (decapitation is NOT nice)
corp = corpse [dead body] (in the show CSI, they deal with corpses)
cephal = cephalopod [squid] (there are many cephalopods in the oceans
crani = cranium [the skull of a vertebrate] (i have a cranium......i think)
dent = dentist [tooth doctor] (my dentist has a grandson that went to my old school)
hist = histology [study of tissues] (i dont wanna major in histology..it sounds nasty)
later = lateral [pertaining to the side] (a lateral in football is a sideways pass)
ocul = oculist [doctor of eyes] (my oculist says my eyes are crappy{he rly said that!})
oste = osteoporosis [porous bone disease] (osteoporosis causes you to have fragile bones)
phag = phagocyte [any cell that ingests and destroys foreign particles, bacteria, and cell debris] (white blood cells are phagocytes)

pleur = pleura [a delicate serous membrane investing each lung and folded back as a lining of the corresponding side of the thorax] (a pleura sounds important)

quad = quadroped [animal with four limbs] (i think i am a quadroped)
stern = sternum [a bone or series of bones extending along the middle line of the ventral portion of the body of most vertebrates] (my sternum is flat and narrow)

ab = abnormal [out of the ordinary] (some brains are abbie normal)
ad = advertisement [shows and promotes something] (i hate tele-advertising)
angi = angiosperm [plant part] (angiosperm is a type of plant)
auto = automatic [does stuff on its own] (my car is not automatic)
centi = centimeter [SI unit of measurement] (my hair is 2-3 cm long)
circum = circumvent [to move around] (i can cirumvent internet site blocking software ^_^)
dextro = dextroposition [move to the right] (dextroposition that cup on table)
epi = epitaph [nickname or well-known given name] (odysseus's epitaph is thinker or thinkers)
ex = exit [to go out] (i must exit this building at five)
inter = intergalactic [to go through galaxies] (my ship is an intergalactic cruiser{god i am a dork})

non = non-violence [no violence] (i am not a believer in total non-violence)
ortho = orthochromatic [sensitive to all colors except red] (bulls are supposedly othrochromatic)
path = pathology [study of pathogens] (there is a pathology business on the floor above where my mom works)

pseudo = pseudopod [a temporary protrusion of the protoplasm] (amoebas are pseudopods)
sinistro = [left] (my left hand is my sinistro hand)
cide = genocide [mass killing of a particular group] (the holocaust was a genocide)
itis = bronchitis [a disease that affects the bronchial tubes in the throat](i hated bronchitis once)
logy = biology [study of life] (logy in Latin means "study" or "thought")
meter = centimeter [SI UNIT OF MEASUREMENT] (the word centimeter is getting boring)
plasty = rhinoplasty [plastic surgery] (tom's rhinoplasty is an episode of South Park)
scope = telescope [an instrument for seeing things that are far away] (Galileo invented a telescope)

Medical Terminology Worksheet

Terms:
frontal plane- A plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions.

sagittal plane- A longitudinal plane that divides the body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left sections.

transverse plane- a plane across the body at right angles to the coronal and sagittal plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body or object; also, a plane dividing the body into an upper and lower section

medial- relating to or situated in or extending toward the middle

superficial- being at, on, or near the surface

superior- a. higher in place or position; situated above another.
b. toward the head

inferior- a. lower in place or position; situated beneath another.
b. toward the feet.

anterior- a. Located near or toward the head in lower animals.
b. Located on or near the front of the body in higher animals.
c. Located on or near the front of an organ or on the ventral surface of the body in humans.

posterior- a. (in quadrupeds) pertaining to or toward the rear or caudal end of the body.
b.(in humans and other primates) pertaining to or toward the back plane of the body, equivalent to the dorsal surface of quadrupeds

distal- Anatomically located far from a point of reference, such as an origin or a point of attachment

proximal- Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the midline of the body

flexion- a. the act of bending a limb.
b. the position that a limb assumes when it is bent.

extension- a. the act of straightening a limb.
b. the position that a limb assumes when it is straightened

pronation- rotation of the hand or forearm so that the surface of the palm is facing downward or toward the back

supine- Lying on the back or having the face upward.

abduction- To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb

adduction- To draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb.

circumduction- The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc.

inversion- the turning inward of a part, as the foot

eversion- the act of turning inside out

elevation- the event of something being raised upward

depression- pushing down

anatomical position- The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another

dorsal- situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior, in humans

ventral- situated on or toward the lower, abdominal plane of the body; equivalent to the front, or anterior, in humans.

interior- being within; inside of anything; internal; inner; further toward a center

exterior- outer; being on the outer side

peripheral- a. Of the surface or outer part of a body or organ; external.
b. Of, relating to, or being part of the peripheral nervous system.

lateral- of or pertaining to the side; situated at, proceeding from, or directed to a side