Anatomy Text Questions

Chapter 2

Study Questions

1.Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology.
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the
study of the functions of the structures in the human body.

2.Give an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function
of body parts
Your ears are shaped how they are so that the sound waves that enter your ear get to the eardrum without interference.

3.List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ
Atoms form molecules which then form macromolecule and then become organelles which in turn becomes many specialized stomach cells which then form into stomach tissue and then group together to become the stomach.

4.Distinguish between a midsagittal cut, a transverse cut, and a frontal cut
A midsagittal cut is a cut along the sagittal plane around the pelvic area. A transverse cut divides the body into upper and lower halves. A frontal cut divides the body into dorsal and ventral sides.

6.Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name two smaller cavities that occur within each
The dorsal cavity is located on the back side of the body and the cranial cavity is within it. The ventral cavity in located on the front side of the body and the thoracic cavity occurs in it.

10.Define homeostasis, and explain its importance.
Homeostasis is what keeps your body at an equilibrium. An example is that if you become hot, you sweat so that you can cool off. It is important so that your body doesnt die out from harsh conditions such as heat, cold, etc.

Objective Questions

IV. Match organ systems in the key to the organs listed in questions 19-25

Key:

a. Digestive system
b. Urinary system
c. Respiratory system
d. Circulatory system
e. Reproductive system
f. Nervous system
g. Endocrine system


19.Thyroid gland-g
20.Lungs-c
21.Heart-d
22.Ovaries-e
23.Brain-f
24.Stomach-a
25.Kidneys-b

V. Fill in the blanks.

26.An organ is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function.

27.The imaginary plane that passes through th emidline of the body is called thetransverseplane.

28.All the organ systems of the body function together to maintain homeostasis, a relative constancy of the internal environment.

Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise

Consult Appendix B for helps in pronouncing, analyzing, and filling in the blanks to give a brief meaning to the terms that follow


3.Suprapubic means above the pubis.
5.Infraorbital means beneath the eye orbit.
6.Gastrectomy means excision of the stomach.
7.Celiotomy means incision of the abdomen.
9.Dorsalgia means pain in the back.
10.Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system.


Chapter 4

Study Questions

4.Describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum.
An endoplasmic reticulum is considered rough if ribosomes are present.
If they are not present then the endoplasmic reticulum is considered smooth
The ribosomes on rough ER function in protein synthesis. The smooth ER functions
in the detoxification of drugs, especially in the liver.

5.Describe the structure and the function of the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of six or more saccules. At the edges of the saccules are rounded vesicles and vacuoles.

6.Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
A mitochondrion has an outer membrane and a convoluted inner membrane and produces ATP. ATP is used to carry out almost all of the functions of cells.

8.Contrast passive transport with active transport of molecules across the plasma membrane.
Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration all involve the transport of molecules from an area of lower concentration to that of a higher concentration and none of these methods require some or no energy. Active transport involves using energy to gather substances inside or outside the cell in the area of higher concentration.

Objective Questions

I. Match the organelles in the key to the functions given in questions 1-5.
Key:

a. mitochondria
b. nucleus
c. Golgi apparatus
d. rough ER
e. centrioles

1. Packaging and secretion-Golgi apparatus
2. Cell division-centrioles
3. Powerhouses of the cell-mitochondria
4. Protein synthesis-rough ER
5. Control center for cell-nucleus


Chapter 5

Study Questions

1.What is a tissue?
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

3.Name the four major types of tissues.
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular are the four main types of tissues.

4.What are the functions of connective tissue? Name the different kinds of connective tissue, and give a location for each.
Connective tissue binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.
Loose-binds structures together.

Fibrous-has a matrix produced by fibroblasts that contain closely packed bundles of white collagenous fibers. located in tendons and ligaments.

Cartilage-located in small chambers called lacunae. made of a matrix that is solid yet flexible.

Bone- the most rigid of the connective tissues. Made of an extremely hard matrix of mineral salts, primarily calcium salts.

9.Name the different types of body membranes, and associate each type with a particular organ or organs

Mucous-line the interior walls of the organs and tubes that open to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive or respiratory systems

Serous-line cavities and cover internal organs like the heart

Synovial-line freely movable joint cavities and are composed of connective tissues.

Meninges- found within the dorsal cavity. They serve as protective covering for the brain and spinal cord.

Cutaneous-in other words, it is called skin.