Circulatory and Respiratory System Questions

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Critical Thinking Questions

6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?

The fetus would not be in danger because its blood cells are not going to be attacked by anti-Rh(+) antibodies. This is because the baby has Rh(-) blood cells which are safe from anti-Rh(+) antibodies.

Review Exercises

3) Describe a reb blood cell.

They are bioconcave disks, due to the fact they get rid of their nuclei as they mature. This increases the space which gases can use to diffuse into the cell. It also brings toe gases closer to the hemoglobin in blood.

6) Desribe the life cycle of a red blood cell.

At first, a stem cell in the bone marrow becomes a Proerythroblast. This new cell then becomes a erythroblast. Next, the erythroblast turns into a Normoblast. After that, it becomes a reticulocyte. Finally, the reticulocyte becomes a erythrocyte after it enters the blood stream. The blood cell then carries out its functions for about 2-4 months then dies from wearing out and becoming less active.

10) List two sources of iron that can be used for synthesis of hemoglobin.

Some of the iron that comes from the decomposition of hemoglobin can be reused, but we must obtain a certain amount each day due to the small loss in the cells. This can come from cereal or pills that contain iron.

14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.

Platelets are not complete cells. They come from very large cells called megakaryocytes that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm (platelets) into the circulation. Platelets help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. they release serotonin, which contracts smooth muscles in the vessel walls, reducing blood flow.

18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein.

Low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol as to high-density lipoproteins which have less cholesterol and a high concentration of proteins.

27) List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot.

Breaks in a blood vessel can trigger clotting mechanism. This makes it so eventually fibrinogin converts to fibrin and a blood clot occurs.

38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.

People with AB type blood have neither anti-A of anti-B antigens and can receive any type of blood in a transfusion.

39) Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.

People with O-type blood are called universal donors because they lack A and B antigens.

Basic Respiratory Anatomy Worksheet

1. What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system?

The mouth and nose.

2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth?

To the pharynx and then into the trachea.

3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave

out?

The esophagus and the epiglottis

4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus?

It is distal in reference to the esophagus.

5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System?

Your nose and mouth

6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles?

The alveoli.

7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

In the alveoli

8. What is the main muscle of respiration?

The diaphragm

9. What happens when we inhale? Exhale?

The diaphragm contracts and when we exhale the diaphragm rests

10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures:

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolis and lungs.

The Heart Worksheet

1. All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?

All vetebrates have a closed circulatory system.

2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?

Water and eletrcolyte transport, fluid volume control, and reuglation of pH and of body temperature.

3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system.

Transport dissolved nutrients throughotu the body, carries hormones, transports gases like oxygen to and from cells, maintain homeostasis, and produces and carries antibodies.

4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

Ateries

5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called?

Veins

6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called?

Pericardium

7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called?

The myocardium

8. What is the lining of the myocardium called?

The endocardium

9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? The lower cavities?

The upper cavities are the atria and teh lower cavities are called ventricles.

10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The right atrium?

The superior vena cavae and the inferior vena cavae carries blood to the right atrium. The pulmonary vein carries blood to the left atrium.

11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? The right ventricle?

The aorta carries blood away from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery carries blood away from the right ventricle

Senses Graphic Organizer

1. When you smell what you eat, it adds to the taste. (smell is half the taste)
   


2. If you smell somethign bad, you wont touch it (or you shouldn't)
   


3. If you feel something, then you will hear the sound that the object makes on your hand and you will remember what it sounds like.
   


4. If you see something that looks nasty, you probably wont want to taste it.
   


5. If someone calls your name, you will look to see who it is.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

Project: Article Assignment

The article, although very ineresting, is very controversial. The scientist that was mentioned is a local one at that. He works at UGA and is a zealous researcher of stem cells. He has veen claimed that he has found out how to make millions of nerve (neural) cells out of a few stem cells, which is a leap for the world of science. Now he has discovered a possible method of detecting harmful chemical substances in the surrounding area. It works by setting the cells into a mechanism of electrodes. These electrodes record electrical changes to show the presence of a foreign substance (e.g. mustard gas or tear gas).

Even though this method has been found, it has yet to be made into a fool-proof product. I think that as long as teh cells being used are not from aborted fetuses, than there should not be a problem. As said in the article, he uses "naturally dead embryos". These embryos are ones that couldnt produce a fetus even if put inside a womb. Morally, this method is acceptable in my own opinion. I am also very surprised at the fact that science has made a huge jump into the future with this discovery. Maybe one day, stem cells could be made into common and accepted medical products.

Basic Eye Anatomy Worksheet

1. The eye is part of which nervous system?



It is part of the CNS.


2. What types of tissues give the eye protection?


Connective and fatty tissues protect the eye

3. What structure in the eye produces tears?



The lacriminal glands produce tears.



4. What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye?


The conjuctiva is the antibacterial layer of the eye

5. What is the cornea?


A clear membrane that allows light to pass through it

6. What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones?

The retina contains the rods and cones

7. What is the function of the rods? The cones?


The rods deal with night vision and the cones deal with color and daylight vision

8. What is the colored part of the eye?

The Iris

9. What structure allows light to enter the eye?

The pupil

10. Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina

1. Eyelash

2. Iris

3. Lacriminal Glands

4. Sclera

5. Choroid

6. Optical Nerve

7. Retina

8. Eyelid

9. Cornea

10. Pupil

11. Lens

Basic Ear Anatomy Worksheet

1. Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:






















2. What is the function of the following:

• Pinna- conveys sound waves to the inside of the ear



• tympanic membrane- composed of the pinna and teh auditory canal. vibrates with sound waves.
  
  
• ossicles- magnify sound vibrations



• cochlea- is a hair-lined fluid-filled cavity that conveys signals to the brain which produces the sense called sound



• semicircular canals- controls balance

3. What three bones make up the ossicles?

The malleus, the stapes, and the incus.

4. What is the function of hairs in the ear?

The hairs in the ear act as stimuli to send signals to the brain so you can hear.

Basic Nervous System Anatomy Worksheet

1. What does CNS and PNS stand for?

CNS stands for Central Nervous System and PNS stands for Peripheral Nervous System.

2. What are the parts of the CNS?

The brain and the spinal cord.

3. Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls.

The PNS controls stuff like digestion and heartbeat.

4. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?


Sympathetic- controls the body in times of stress, fear, worry, and emergency.

Parasympathetic- brings the body to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation to occur.


5. What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?

Sensory neuron- conducts signals of pain and any other of the five senses.



Motor neuron- controls motor functions e.g. moving.



Interneuron- transmits signals to motor neurons.

6. What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? The dendrite?

The axon is the nerve structure that sends signals and the dendrites receive signals

7. What is a synapse?

A synapse is the jumping or sparking of a neural impulse from one neuron to another.

8. Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.

Skeletal System Graphic Organizer

1. Provides attachment for muscles

2. Produces blood cells for circulatory system

3. Gets rid of excess calcium bones dont use

4. Is signaled by endocrine system to grow at certain times.

5. Nerves travel around/through bone so you know when it is broken.

6. Lungs provide oxygen for blood cells produced by bones.

7. Calcium and other nutrients received from digestive system.

8. Skin protects bones. Bones give form to skin in a way.

9. Lymphatic system produces white blood cells to protect bones against disease.

10. Bones are different between male and female to support different reproductive organs and functions

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet

1. What percent of the body is smooth muscle? Striated muscle?

40% of the body is striated muscle and 5-10% is smooth muscle

2. Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?

• Stroma Protein- its function is to hold the other structures in place.



• Cellular Protein- there isnt much of a specialized function since this protein is also found in other metabolically active cells.



• Contractile Protein- composed of two different proteins, myosin and actin. Its function is to make the contraction of muscles possible

3. What is a myofibril?

It is each independent, cylindrical element in a muscle.

4. Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.

5. Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere.

Thick and thin filaments.

6. Draw a sarcomere at rest, contracted, and stretched .





























7. What is the sliding filament theory?

As the muscle becomes shorter due to increased contraction, the thick and thin filaments slide past each other, but the lengths of the individual thick and thin filaments do not change.

8. Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?

Calcium ions.