Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

1. Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint?

Because the bones are joined together with strong fibrous tissue.

2.What is an example of a fibrous joint?

An example of a fibrous joint are the joints between the bones that make up the skull.

3. Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.

Very little movement occurs at these joints because they are joined by intervening fibrocartilage. An example of this is anywhere between the vertebrae of the vertebral column

4. What type of joint essentially allows free movement?

A synovial joint

5. What lubricates a joint cavity?

Synovial fluids

6. For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.

• Plane joint- is a slightly curved articular joint which permits gliding or slipping in any direction. An example is the joints in your hands.



• Hinge joint- A joint in which one surface is shaped like a cylinder and the other is shaped like a concave groove. It allows movement around that single axis. An example is the joint in your elbow.



• Condylar joint- It has two articular surfaces. Its movement is similar to a hinge joint but it allows a couple more movements as well. an example is your knee joint



• Ball and Socket joint- Consists of a ball shaped end of a bone which fits into a cup-shaped joint socket on the other bone. Movement is possible in many directions such as a shoulder joint allows.



• Ellipsoidal joint- Is similar to a ball and socket joint except the joint socket is shaped more like an ellipse rather than a circle. An example of this is a wrist joint.



• Pivot joint- Has a bony peg which fits into a concave notch in such a way that one bone can pivot with respect to the other, such as the joint between the radius and the ulna.



• Saddle joint- resembles two western saddles. One is inverted and the other is turned at right angles to the first. Both articulating surfaces are concave in one direction and convew in the other. An example would be the joint that the thumb fits into.

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet

1. Describe the 4 functions of bones.

Supporting the body, protecting the internal organs, provides muscle attachment, and blood cell production.

2. How many bones are there in the human body?

206

3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division.

The axial skeleton which contains the:

• pelvis



• rib cage



• skull



• vertebral column



• and the sternum

and the appendicular skeleton which contains the:

• humerus



• radius



• ulna



• femur



• and patella

4. What bone makes up the upper arm?

The humerus

5. What bone makes up the face?

The skull

6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs.

The rib cage and the sternum

7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side?

The radius

8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to?

The Scapula

9. What bone is also known as the shin bone?

The tibia

10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage

Beauty Video Questions

1.Do you think that the symmetry test conducted on the baby was flawed? How? Describe how you would design an experiment that could fool the baby and skew the results.

I think that it was flawed because the baby is what it is. most likely this test was flawed because babies go by what people look like and someone could remind them of someone else. i dont rly know how i would design an expiriment like that.

2.What is missing from this video about beauty?

They dont mention very much about qualities like personality. They also are biased and think that plastic surgery is the cure for ugliness. i believe that beauty shoul dnot be artificial.

3.How does this video make you feel about beauty?

People try too hard to be beatiful. Some become obsessed by it. People should be fine with the way they are.

4.What is it about the skin that makes it return to its place? What property is this?
What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Would you ever do it? What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? How long will it last?

It is the fact that your skin has certain DNA plans that it follows. if your skin is going to move, what is the sense in getting surgery done if your skin will just look like it does later on in life? Risks are that if there is a messs up, then your face is uglier than it was before the surgery. i would never do it simply because i am fine the way i am. i wouldnt risk anything for this stupid procedure. doesn't matter how long it would last, its not going to happen.

Integumentary Study Questions

Critical Thinking Questions

3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one ivolving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation?

I'd say that the reason is that once the burn reaches deeper tissues, it bruns out your nerves. Either that or there is so mmany signals going off that the feeling is nulled.

6. How would you explain to an ahtlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather?

Besides the fact that he should know it, water keeps the body from cramping up from dehydration.

8. How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective?

When skin peels, it is getting whatever is dead or harmful to the body away from the body. A fever could be protective b/c germs and other things can't survive past a certain temperature.(i guess)

Review Exercises

4. List six functions of skin.

Protective covering, retains water, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, contains immune system cells, synthesizes various chemicals, and excretes small quantities of waste.

5. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis.

Epidermis- outer layer of skin. composed of squamus epithelium.

Dermis- Inner layer of skin. thicker than epidermis. is made of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.

6. Describe the subcutaneous layer.

Subcutaneous layer- a layer of masses of loose connective and adipose tissues that bind the skin to underlying organs.

8. List the layers of the epidermis.

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale.

13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle.

Hair is the stuff you actually see. a hair follicle is the tubelike depression the hair shaft comes out of.

15. Describe how nails are formed.

Specialized epithelial cells that are continuous with the epithelium of th eskin produce the nail bed. The lunula at the base of a nail plate is where the cells divide, and newly formed cells keratinize which gives rise to tiny scales that become part of the nail plate.

16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands.

The function of sebaceous glands are to keep the hairs and the skin soft, pliable, and waterproof.

22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature.

Your brain decreases te flow of heat-carrying blood through the skin, which tends to lose color, and helps reduce heat loss by radiation, conduction and convection. Also, sweat glands become inactive. If that doesnt help, muscle in your body are triggered to contract slightly and rhythmically to produce heat.

25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color.

Genes inherited from parents can determine your skin color by how much melanin is produced by cells. Environmental factors such as sun/UV rays tan skin by stimulating the melanocytes to produce more pigments. Physiological factors such as blood in the dermal vessels adds color to the skin.

27. Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.

If a break is shallow, the epithelial cells are triggered to divide mor erapidly than usual and the new cells fill in the gaps. if the injury is as deep as the dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break, and teh escaping blood forms a clot in the wound. As the process goes on, eventually a scab is formed.

28. Describe possible treatments for a third-degree burn.

Skin grafts and skin substitutes are the best cures for third-degree burns.

29. List three effects of aging on skin.

Nails harden, receptors fail, and hair turns gray or white.

Cell Video Questions

The building blocks of life are cells.

All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans.

Two different types of cells are cells such as white blood cells and stem cells

Why are cells not the same?

They are specialized to perform different functions.


The first person to discover cells was Robert Hooke. He called them cells because they looked like the cells that monks live in. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope.


The cell theory was created by Schleiden and Schwann.

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organellescell walls and chloroplasts.


All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to support the cell and regulate what goes in and out of the cell.


The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is to control the actions of the cell. The mitochondria are also known as the powerhouses of the cell because their function is to produce energy for the cell to use. Storage is the main function of the vacuoles.


Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus. Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus.


There are different types of transport used in cells as well. diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires a difference in concentration at two different points in a solution and a permeable membrane between those points.


What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport requires energy to perform and passive trtansport doesnt require any energy.

What organelle makes the energy used in active transport?

The mitochondria

Is a virus a living cell?

This is not sure about a virus. Viruses do not belong to the kingdom of living things though. It is also one of the most debated subjects up to this day.

What is contained inside a virus?

A strand of DNA or RNA.

What is the only life function of a virus?

to infect a cell and reproduce from that cell.

Anatomy Text Questions

Chapter 2

Study Questions

1.Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology.
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the
study of the functions of the structures in the human body.

2.Give an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function
of body parts
Your ears are shaped how they are so that the sound waves that enter your ear get to the eardrum without interference.

3.List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ
Atoms form molecules which then form macromolecule and then become organelles which in turn becomes many specialized stomach cells which then form into stomach tissue and then group together to become the stomach.

4.Distinguish between a midsagittal cut, a transverse cut, and a frontal cut
A midsagittal cut is a cut along the sagittal plane around the pelvic area. A transverse cut divides the body into upper and lower halves. A frontal cut divides the body into dorsal and ventral sides.

6.Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name two smaller cavities that occur within each
The dorsal cavity is located on the back side of the body and the cranial cavity is within it. The ventral cavity in located on the front side of the body and the thoracic cavity occurs in it.

10.Define homeostasis, and explain its importance.
Homeostasis is what keeps your body at an equilibrium. An example is that if you become hot, you sweat so that you can cool off. It is important so that your body doesnt die out from harsh conditions such as heat, cold, etc.

Objective Questions

IV. Match organ systems in the key to the organs listed in questions 19-25

Key:

a. Digestive system
b. Urinary system
c. Respiratory system
d. Circulatory system
e. Reproductive system
f. Nervous system
g. Endocrine system


19.Thyroid gland-g
20.Lungs-c
21.Heart-d
22.Ovaries-e
23.Brain-f
24.Stomach-a
25.Kidneys-b

V. Fill in the blanks.

26.An organ is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function.

27.The imaginary plane that passes through th emidline of the body is called thetransverseplane.

28.All the organ systems of the body function together to maintain homeostasis, a relative constancy of the internal environment.

Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise

Consult Appendix B for helps in pronouncing, analyzing, and filling in the blanks to give a brief meaning to the terms that follow


3.Suprapubic means above the pubis.
5.Infraorbital means beneath the eye orbit.
6.Gastrectomy means excision of the stomach.
7.Celiotomy means incision of the abdomen.
9.Dorsalgia means pain in the back.
10.Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system.


Chapter 4

Study Questions

4.Describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum.
An endoplasmic reticulum is considered rough if ribosomes are present.
If they are not present then the endoplasmic reticulum is considered smooth
The ribosomes on rough ER function in protein synthesis. The smooth ER functions
in the detoxification of drugs, especially in the liver.

5.Describe the structure and the function of the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of six or more saccules. At the edges of the saccules are rounded vesicles and vacuoles.

6.Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
A mitochondrion has an outer membrane and a convoluted inner membrane and produces ATP. ATP is used to carry out almost all of the functions of cells.

8.Contrast passive transport with active transport of molecules across the plasma membrane.
Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration all involve the transport of molecules from an area of lower concentration to that of a higher concentration and none of these methods require some or no energy. Active transport involves using energy to gather substances inside or outside the cell in the area of higher concentration.

Objective Questions

I. Match the organelles in the key to the functions given in questions 1-5.
Key:

a. mitochondria
b. nucleus
c. Golgi apparatus
d. rough ER
e. centrioles

1. Packaging and secretion-Golgi apparatus
2. Cell division-centrioles
3. Powerhouses of the cell-mitochondria
4. Protein synthesis-rough ER
5. Control center for cell-nucleus


Chapter 5

Study Questions

1.What is a tissue?
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

3.Name the four major types of tissues.
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular are the four main types of tissues.

4.What are the functions of connective tissue? Name the different kinds of connective tissue, and give a location for each.
Connective tissue binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.
Loose-binds structures together.

Fibrous-has a matrix produced by fibroblasts that contain closely packed bundles of white collagenous fibers. located in tendons and ligaments.

Cartilage-located in small chambers called lacunae. made of a matrix that is solid yet flexible.

Bone- the most rigid of the connective tissues. Made of an extremely hard matrix of mineral salts, primarily calcium salts.

9.Name the different types of body membranes, and associate each type with a particular organ or organs

Mucous-line the interior walls of the organs and tubes that open to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive or respiratory systems

Serous-line cavities and cover internal organs like the heart

Synovial-line freely movable joint cavities and are composed of connective tissues.

Meninges- found within the dorsal cavity. They serve as protective covering for the brain and spinal cord.

Cutaneous-in other words, it is called skin.

Body Systems Graphic Organizer

Human Body Worksheet

1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy- The study of the structures that make up the human body.

Physiology- The study of the functions of the structures that make up the human body.

2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell.

Cell, tissue, organ, and system

3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what?

The suffix -logy means "the study of".

4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior?

Epithelial membrane

5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function?

It is called an organ.

6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses?

Nervous tissue

7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean?

Epi- is a prefix that means "upon" and dermis is a root which means "skin".

8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?

It means "any hole or hollow area". This word is usually used for parts of the body such as the Thoracic cavity of like a cavity in a tooth.

9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.

Epithelial- covers the body
Connective- supports and protects teh strucure(s) of the body
Muscle- specialized for contraction/movement
Nerve- specialized for the conduction of neural impulses

10. A cell is made of cytoplasm except for the nucleus which is made of protoplasm.


11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones?

Fibrous tissue

12. What is an organ system?

An organ system is the most complex organization of cells before and organism. it is composed of many different functioning groups of specialized cells that work together.

13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.

Cutaneous- it is the skin and anywhere to protect the body
Mucous- lines all the passageways that lead to the exterior of body
Secous- lines closed cavities and organs inside the body
Fibrous- lines all joint cavities and covers outer surface of bones
Fascia:

• Superficial- thin and tough membrane that covers muscles and lies right beneath the dermis
• Deep- much denser than superficial. covers glands, blood vessels and nerves. lies right below superficial

14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus?

Cell Membrane- regulates what enters and exits the cell. protects the cell and gives it a shape
Nucleus- controls all the actions of the cell

15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.

Epithelial- is made of many layers of cells which originate from a growth layer and move upwards from there. they die once they get too far from the growth layer.

Connective- (NovaNet did not have the asnwer to this question)

Reference Term Word Find

the link to my word find is here

Prefix Worksheet

how to read: prefix = word w/ prefix [definition] (sentence{comment})

adip = adipose [fat] (the food was adipose)
bio = biology [study of life] (i took biology last year)
capit = decapitate [removal of the head] (decapitation is NOT nice)
corp = corpse [dead body] (in the show CSI, they deal with corpses)
cephal = cephalopod [squid] (there are many cephalopods in the oceans
crani = cranium [the skull of a vertebrate] (i have a cranium......i think)
dent = dentist [tooth doctor] (my dentist has a grandson that went to my old school)
hist = histology [study of tissues] (i dont wanna major in histology..it sounds nasty)
later = lateral [pertaining to the side] (a lateral in football is a sideways pass)
ocul = oculist [doctor of eyes] (my oculist says my eyes are crappy{he rly said that!})
oste = osteoporosis [porous bone disease] (osteoporosis causes you to have fragile bones)
phag = phagocyte [any cell that ingests and destroys foreign particles, bacteria, and cell debris] (white blood cells are phagocytes)

pleur = pleura [a delicate serous membrane investing each lung and folded back as a lining of the corresponding side of the thorax] (a pleura sounds important)

quad = quadroped [animal with four limbs] (i think i am a quadroped)
stern = sternum [a bone or series of bones extending along the middle line of the ventral portion of the body of most vertebrates] (my sternum is flat and narrow)

ab = abnormal [out of the ordinary] (some brains are abbie normal)
ad = advertisement [shows and promotes something] (i hate tele-advertising)
angi = angiosperm [plant part] (angiosperm is a type of plant)
auto = automatic [does stuff on its own] (my car is not automatic)
centi = centimeter [SI unit of measurement] (my hair is 2-3 cm long)
circum = circumvent [to move around] (i can cirumvent internet site blocking software ^_^)
dextro = dextroposition [move to the right] (dextroposition that cup on table)
epi = epitaph [nickname or well-known given name] (odysseus's epitaph is thinker or thinkers)
ex = exit [to go out] (i must exit this building at five)
inter = intergalactic [to go through galaxies] (my ship is an intergalactic cruiser{god i am a dork})

non = non-violence [no violence] (i am not a believer in total non-violence)
ortho = orthochromatic [sensitive to all colors except red] (bulls are supposedly othrochromatic)
path = pathology [study of pathogens] (there is a pathology business on the floor above where my mom works)

pseudo = pseudopod [a temporary protrusion of the protoplasm] (amoebas are pseudopods)
sinistro = [left] (my left hand is my sinistro hand)
cide = genocide [mass killing of a particular group] (the holocaust was a genocide)
itis = bronchitis [a disease that affects the bronchial tubes in the throat](i hated bronchitis once)
logy = biology [study of life] (logy in Latin means "study" or "thought")
meter = centimeter [SI UNIT OF MEASUREMENT] (the word centimeter is getting boring)
plasty = rhinoplasty [plastic surgery] (tom's rhinoplasty is an episode of South Park)
scope = telescope [an instrument for seeing things that are far away] (Galileo invented a telescope)

Medical Terminology Worksheet

Terms:
frontal plane- A plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions.

sagittal plane- A longitudinal plane that divides the body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left sections.

transverse plane- a plane across the body at right angles to the coronal and sagittal plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body or object; also, a plane dividing the body into an upper and lower section

medial- relating to or situated in or extending toward the middle

superficial- being at, on, or near the surface

superior- a. higher in place or position; situated above another.
b. toward the head

inferior- a. lower in place or position; situated beneath another.
b. toward the feet.

anterior- a. Located near or toward the head in lower animals.
b. Located on or near the front of the body in higher animals.
c. Located on or near the front of an organ or on the ventral surface of the body in humans.

posterior- a. (in quadrupeds) pertaining to or toward the rear or caudal end of the body.
b.(in humans and other primates) pertaining to or toward the back plane of the body, equivalent to the dorsal surface of quadrupeds

distal- Anatomically located far from a point of reference, such as an origin or a point of attachment

proximal- Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the midline of the body

flexion- a. the act of bending a limb.
b. the position that a limb assumes when it is bent.

extension- a. the act of straightening a limb.
b. the position that a limb assumes when it is straightened

pronation- rotation of the hand or forearm so that the surface of the palm is facing downward or toward the back

supine- Lying on the back or having the face upward.

abduction- To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb

adduction- To draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb.

circumduction- The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc.

inversion- the turning inward of a part, as the foot

eversion- the act of turning inside out

elevation- the event of something being raised upward

depression- pushing down

anatomical position- The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another

dorsal- situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior, in humans

ventral- situated on or toward the lower, abdominal plane of the body; equivalent to the front, or anterior, in humans.

interior- being within; inside of anything; internal; inner; further toward a center

exterior- outer; being on the outer side

peripheral- a. Of the surface or outer part of a body or organ; external.
b. Of, relating to, or being part of the peripheral nervous system.

lateral- of or pertaining to the side; situated at, proceeding from, or directed to a side